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Union. In the first three chapters we address the micro level of individual life courses: education, employment and income …
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determinants of fertility (size of the public sector, level of income, education and infant mortality). By contrast there is a … system parents can invest in children and benefit from their support (care and income support) in the old age. An … strong negative relationship between the size of the public sector and fertility. The same is true in terms of income and …
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This study uses German social security records to provide novel evidence about the heterogeneity in life expectancy by lifetime earnings and, additionally, documents the distributional implications of this earnings-related heterogeneity. We find a strong association between lifetime earnings and...
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To counteract the financial pressure emerging in aging societies, statutory pay-as-you-go pension schemes are undergoing fundamental reforms in many Western countries. Starting with cohort 1937, Germany introduced permanent pension deductions for early retirement. This paper examines the...
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Security pensions, unemployment benefits and Social Assistance transfers. The income flows to the State comprise direct taxes … income flows to and from the Brazilian State. The income flows from the State include public servants' earnings, Social … pensions - are very concentrated and regressive. Factors related to the private sector are still concentrated, but progressive …
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according to income levels and gender. This paper is based on the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) carried out by the … (MAs) in the country, than the in the other MAs. Second, workers in the poorest population segment (1st income decile … times. However, these worsening conditions have been more pronounced in the 1st income decile and especially the 7th-10th …
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