In this paper we give an overview of government regulations in the national drug markets of the European Community. We describe the admission of new medicines to the market, the organisation of the distribution system, the control of pharmaceutical prices, and the patient copayment schemes for...

Regulation has been and still is often discussed in economic theory and politics. Despite this, papers analyzing regulatory measures lack a definition of the term or employ widely differing concepts. In order to remedy this neglect, we give a short survey of various definitions of regulation....

In this paper we predict the pure demographic effect on medical expenditure of the German Statutory Health Insurance Scheme. To isolate this effect, we assume that the age-specific expenditure for medical treatment as observed in 1991 remains constant over the whole prediction period (1991 until...

This paper analyses the pure demographic effect on medical expenditure and the contribution rate of the German Statutory Health Insurance Scheme. To isolate this effect, we assume that the age-specific expenditure for medical treatment as estimated in 1995 remains constant over the whole...

The paper develops and applies a Grossman-style health production model set up in discrete time to explain the impact of environmental pollution on the demand for both health and health care. In order to introduce the environment, our analysis takes changes in environmental conditions to...

From the viewpoint of regulation, this paper investigates the effects of both the Health Care Refonn Act (Gesundheitsreformgesetz, GRG) and the Structural Health Care Act (Gesundheitsstrukturgesetz, GSG) on pharmaceutical markets. Apart from the change in the intensity of regulation, the main...