also render teams' identity and image concerns salient. We study the effects of tournaments on team performance in a non … salience of team identity, social image concerns, and whether teams face monetary incentives. Increased salience of team … identity does not improve performance. Social image motivates the top performers. Additional monetary incentives improve all …

We present evidence on the role of the social environment for the development of gender differences in competitiveness … and earnings expectations. First, we document that the gender gap in competitiveness and earnings expectations is more … between the competitiveness of mothers and their daughters, but not between the competitiveness of mothers and their sons …

competitiveness measures. We compile a broad dataset including value added trade, gross exports and conventional and value added based … real exchange rates. To sharply focus on external competitiveness, a new price competitiveness indicator is introduced, the … or cost competitiveness. …

attributed the majority of the gender gap to gender differences in a separate 'competitiveness' trait. We re-examine this result … using a novel experimental technique that allows us to separate competitiveness from alternative explanations by …