This paper shows that 19th-century industrialization is an important determinant of the significant changes in Germany … Germany, we establish that nearly half of them experienced a reversal of fortune between 1926 and 2019, i.e., they moved from … the lower to the upper median of the income distribution or vice versa. Economic decline is concentrated in North Germany …

actually favors stabilization. In an empirical analysis for Germany, the paper adds support for the finding of significant … regional stabilization by fiscal flows. The results indicate that about 17 % of GDP variation across West Germany's states has … been removed by fiscal flows during the last two decades. Thus, in Germany where the fiscal federalism is criticised for …

. The aim was to collect comparable data across European countries (the Netherlands, Germany, France, Belgium, Austria and …, Deutschland, Frankreich, Belgien, Österreich und Schweden), welche sich in Bezug auf Regelungen im Bereich der Integration sowie …

, Germany, Italy, Spain, and Sweden between April 2020 and June 2021. Our results are robust to a battery of sensitivity tests …