In recent debates on "race" and "racism", a broad definition has emerged that encompasses phenotypic appearance as well … core element of this holistic concept of racism. On the basis of labor market and survey experiments, this article shows … that such a concept of racism is not very helpful in understanding actual patterns of discrimination. Phenotype, ethnicity …

taking the decision to perpetrate violence, not only responds to expected economic costs and benefits, but also to an … conclusions show that the probability of victimization by violence is higher in places with greater income inequality, larger …

rampant violence in the region. Using a novel identification strategy, this paper provides the first econometric evidence for … exploits subnational variation in the exposure of migrant communities to exogenous conditions in the host country. Violence …

Existing literature on cross-national variation in violence has paid little attention to the transnational transmission …