The transition from an oil-based to a knowledge-based economy requires that the Saudi population dramatically increases …

Firms can use different sources of external knowledge for developing and implementing innovations. Some knowledge is … provided deliberately by the source and constitutes intended knowledge spillovers, e.g., knowledge disclosed in publications or … patent files. Other sources represent unintended knowledge spillovers, such as reverse engineering of technologies or hiring …

In this paper it is tested which of the various alternative approaches for constructing knowledge spillover pools … knowledge spillovers are unmeasurable, a 'goodness of fit' measure is constructed using innovation survey data. It turns out … that measures of the uncentered correlation of firm characteristics seem to fit actual knowledge spillovers best. Direct …