We analyze the effects of the 1984 breakup of the Bell System on the rate, diversity, and direction of US innovation … diversity of telecommunications innovation increased. Total patenting by US inventors related to telecommunications increased by …

-in-differences design to causally identify the short-run impact of COVID-19 on innovation spending in 2020 and expected innovation spending … substantially reduced innovation expenditure not only in the first year of the pandemic (2020) but also in the two subsequent years …, indicating ’Long–Covid’ effects on innovation. In 2020, innovation expenditure fell by 4.7 % due to the pandemic. In 2022 …