production. We label this gender specialisation as separate housework spheres. Empirical evidence strongly confirms separate … work full-time exhibit similar housework patterns whether they do so voluntarily or due to a full-time mandate, as in the … GDR. Second, men's amount of housework is independent of their spouse's labour supply. We theoretically explain this …

We present evidence on the role of the social environment for the development of gender differences in competitiveness … and earnings expectations. First, we document that the gender gap in competitiveness and earnings expectations is more … causally affects girls' willingness to compete and narrows both the gender gap in competitiveness as well as the gender gap in …

also face more discrimination in the labour market, the consequences of overeducation are likely to differ by gender. Using …