's vulnerability to periods of heightened risk and uncertainty. This paper develops a framework to evaluate such vulnerabilities. It … and explore how they are affected by domestic and global risk. We apply this framework to ten OECD economies, showing the … Kingdom, show that a substantial degree of international risk sharing can occur through current accounts and international …

countries (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden) for the period between 1965 and the mid-1990s. Results … Netherlands, Belgium and Austria) that were already reluctant in the early years to set up language courses for immigrants still …

, Germany and the Netherlands, we test the assumption that cash is still the most efficient payment instrument, and the idea …, France and Germany. Yet, they are not so crucial in the Netherlands, which exhibits a significant share of low-value card …

localities in Germany, France, and the Netherlands, we explore a crucial individual-level mechanism: perceptions of diversity. We …