The paper analyses how the IMF brought its experience gained in emerging market sovereign debt crises in the troika …’s handling of the euro crisis. We link models of multiple equilibria with the IMF's experience made in Latin American crises in … the 2000s. We examine subsequent changes in the IMF’s policy guidelines and show that previous insights have been taken in …

short-term liquidity by the GFSN. At the bottom, we find low-income countries with sole access to IMF standard conditional … US Federal Reserve. Our analysis also reveals that first, the temporary reformed unconditional access of IMF crisis … suggest to flatten the hierarchy by keeping access to IMF unconditional finance open beyond the COVID-19 crisis, expanding …

analyze transitions of workers between unemployment, regular employment and employment accompanied by welfare receipt. Working …. Our findings allow us to draw cautious conclusions on employment subsidies paid as welfare benefits. …

normal retirement age in Germany did not prolong employment of older men. The reason for this surprising result is that … employers encouraged their employees to use the bridge options unemployment or partial retirement instead of the early … retirement option for the long-term insured. Bridge options allowed employers to terminate employment considerably earlier than …