This paper shows that 19th-century industrialization is an important determinant of the significant changes in Germany … Germany, we establish that nearly half of them experienced a reversal of fortune between 1926 and 2019, i.e., they moved from … the lower to the upper median of the income distribution or vice versa. Economic decline is concentrated in North Germany …

opening of new institutions of tertiary education across Germany in the 1980s and 1990s. The new college substantially …

in Germany. After presenting some descriptive statistical data on the economies of the 11 regions in (West) Germany a … translog cost function we present panel estimates for the 11 federal states of (West) Germany with labour, structures and …

actually favors stabilization. In an empirical analysis for Germany, the paper adds support for the finding of significant … regional stabilization by fiscal flows. The results indicate that about 17 % of GDP variation across West Germany's states has … been removed by fiscal flows during the last two decades. Thus, in Germany where the fiscal federalism is criticised for …