poverty indices using SOEP data from 1991-2012. We distinguish between parental and publicly provided childcare, which is an … increasingly important in-kind benefit in Germany. We find that both multidimensional inequality and poverty declined as expanded …

measure of energy poverty. The proposed measure is based on deprivation with a direct relation to energy consumption, but it … likelihood of energy deprivation in Germany, but these variables only partially constitute energy poverty. Other aspects, e …

poverty. We provide two empirical applications of our measure. First, we analyze the development of inequality in the US from …

find that poverty defined with respect to relative incomes has no effect on changes in health. However, broader measures of … poor material conditions such as subjective poverty or low relative value of wealth significantly increase the probability … analysed. In addition to this the subjective measure of poverty has a significant effect on mortality, increasing it by 40 …