tracking system. Our results show that the need to perform well to qualify for a better track raises students’ math, reading …, listening, and orthography skills in grade 4, the final grade before students are sorted into tracks. Evidence from self …

addressing unobserved residence-country features, we find similar results when assigning migrant students their country …

outcomes for students in Lower Track Secondary Schools in Germany. We find mostly insignificant effects of the treatment on … average outcomes, which mask quite heterogeneous effects. For those students, who are taking extra coursework to continue …. In contrast, educational outcomes improve for students who do not take extra coursework. Hence, the treatment causes a …