. Where licensing fails, follow-on innovation is blocked unless firms gain FTO through patent invalidation. Using large …-scale data from post-grant oppositions at the European Patent Office, we find that patent invalidation increases follow …

Functioning markets for technology are an important determinant for the type, scope and distribution of innovation … activities in an economy. However, markets for technology are often underdeveloped or inefficient. Existing theory attributes … structural forces that shape the demand side of markets for technology. In this study, we reason that demand depends on the …

both transaction partners. Our sample consists of transactions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnological industry. The …

of high-technology industries in a region. This paper deals with the regional distribution of venture capital and its …

Pharmaceutical firms typically enjoy market exclusivity for new drugs from concurrent protection of the underlying … invention (through patents) and the clinical trials data submitted for market approval (through data exclusivity). Patent … market exclusivity on the likelihood of drug commercialization. The effect is largely driven by patent invalidations early in …

. Moreover, high-tech start-ups are more concentrated within or near technology and foundation centres. …

consistent with the existence of localization and urbanization effects. The emergence of high technology firms seems to be …