Security pensions, unemployment benefits and Social Assistance transfers. The income flows to the State comprise direct taxes … pensions - are very concentrated and regressive. Factors related to the private sector are still concentrated, but progressive …

sustainable. In this paper, we investigate the welfare effects of giving a larger role to private insurance markets in the face of … welfare calculations. We find that observed willingness-to-pay of many individuals is low, such that providing coverage partly … via a private DI market improves welfare. However, we show that distributional concerns as well as individual risk …

Welfare states redistribute both between individuals (inter-individual redistribution) reducing annual, cross … distributional focus of the German welfare state differs. When persons are young, state intervention reduces income differences …-smoothing redistribution via social security pensions becomes central. -- Long-term income inequality ; Income redistribution ; Social security …