countries (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden) for the period between 1965 and the mid-1990s. Results … reveal quite different national approaches to the problem. Whereas in Sweden, France and Germany, migrants' linguistic … Netherlands, Belgium and Austria) that were already reluctant in the early years to set up language courses for immigrants still …

Germany is widely known for its high-quality vocational education and training (VET) system. The two key features of … enormously in the last years in many (European) countries, this has not been the case in Germany. From the outside, therefore, it … may look as if Germany’s low youth unemployment rate is to be credited to the dual system. That observation, however, is …

Austria, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Swe­den, Switzerland and the UK. We exploit within-country variation in social …