The costs of wars have been the main driver of public debt in the Western World during the modern era. The late … finances. I provide evidence that the costs of financial crises have increased strongly in the second half of the twentieth … century and that the costs of financial crises grow with the size of the financial sector. In many countries, the rising costs …

, trade is more sensitive to trade costs if the exporting country only provides a small share of the destination country …’s imports. As a result, trade costs have a heterogeneous impact across country pairs, with some trade flows predicted to be zero …

mechanism considered in the paper is based on that multiproduct shipments allow splitting fixed costs per shipment across many … products and, therefore, reducing total shipment costs. As a result, more developed countries tend to have lower fixed costs …-product shipments in determining shipping costs. …