students in 59 countries observed over 6 waves in the international PISA test 2000-2015. Our empirical model exploits the … of standardized external comparisons, both school-based and student-based, is associated with improvements in student … achievement. The effect of school-based comparison is stronger in low-performing countries. By contrast, solely internal testing …

The previous literature has shown that children who enter school at a more advanced age outperform their younger … classmates on competency tests taken between kindergarten and Grade 10. This study analyzes whether these effects of school … of the long-term causal effects exploits state and year variation in school entry regulations. The results show that …

achievement-based admissions requirements (i.e. binding track recommendations) in Germany's between-school tracking system. The …

school dropout. A key mediating factor for this effect is parents' lower speaking proficiency in the host-country language …