The previous literature has shown that children who enter school at a more advanced age outperform their younger … classmates on competency tests taken between kindergarten and Grade 10. This study analyzes whether these effects of school … of the long-term causal effects exploits state and year variation in school entry regulations. The results show that …

of standardized external comparisons, both school-based and student-based, is associated with improvements in student … achievement. The effect of school-based comparison is stronger in low-performing countries. By contrast, solely internal testing …