Empirical evidence indicates that high oil price volatility has a dampening effect on output in countries that import … of commodity price volatility in commodity exporting countries accounting for both oil and non-oil commodities. To that … significant negative impact of price volatility on real output for oil exporters. Our results for exporters of other commodities …

; Transitory Income Volatility ; Earnings Dynamics ; Safety Net ; Transfer Payments … equivalent household income. Permanent and transitory variances of male income over the period 1984-2008 are estimated for Old … German Laender in order to determine their importance to income dynamics. To uncover the role of the welfare state in …

This paper uncovers ongoing trends in idiosyncratic earnings volatility across generations by decomposing residual …

according to income levels and gender. This paper is based on the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) carried out by the … (MAs) in the country, than the in the other MAs. Second, workers in the poorest population segment (1st income decile … times. However, these worsening conditions have been more pronounced in the 1st income decile and especially the 7th-10th …

income tax have been discussed at length. What has been missing in the literature so far, however, is a systematic account of …-linear version of the model, and draws a comparison with the existing income tax. The model simulations show that the two tax systems … income tax, for all the demand shocks considered. The PET yields welfare losses, however, under a supply shock. …