of standardized external comparisons, both school-based and student-based, is associated with improvements in student … achievement. The effect of school-based comparison is stronger in low-performing countries. By contrast, solely internal testing …

square (OLS) and growth-curve models to explain variations in drop-out rates and school progression in basic education in … hand, monitoring of school attendance is negatively associated with drop-out rates and positively associated with school …

Learning at school and university and also at the work place has become more important in the knowledge-based economy …