the form of in-kind collective expenditure (e.g., education, defense, infrastructure). The dominant assumption in the …, we find that public education spending goes disproportionately to the bottom half of the income distribution. A lump …-sum allocation provides a good approximation. Moving beyond the cross-section, we find that public education expenditure is …

and private schools. The idea is to assign to the education of each public school student a market value equivalent to the …This article estimates the market value of public education by comparing standardized test scores of students in public … tuition paid by private school students with similar test score results. The implementation requires an expenditure survey, or …