and students’ cognitive and socio-emotional development. The German panel evidence shows that children’s learning time … decreased severely during the first school closures, particularly for low-achieving students, and increased only slightly one … activities. The review shows substantial losses in cognitive skills on achievement tests, particularly for students from …

In spring 2020, governments around the globe shut down schools to mitigate the spread of the novel coronavirus. We … argue that low-achieving students may be particularly affected by the lack of educator support during school closures. We … collect detailed time-use information on students before and during the school closures in a survey of 1,099 parents in …

-in-differences design to causally identify the short-run impact of COVID-19 on innovation spending in 2020 and expected innovation spending … substantially reduced innovation expenditure not only in the first year of the pandemic (2020) but also in the two subsequent years …, indicating ’Long–Covid’ effects on innovation. In 2020, innovation expenditure fell by 4.7 % due to the pandemic. In 2022 …