firms may protect their inventions by means of intellectual property rights, such as patents. By taking out a patent … functioning of the contemporary patent system. We find that patenting firms are being less confronted with imitation. The effect … of patents on the dissemination of R&D findings is, however, insignificant. Therefore, we conclude that patent …

type of independent patent claims, we show an increase in the annual share of process claims of about 25 percentage points … (from below 10% in 1920). This rise in process intensity is not limited to a few patent classes but can be observed across a … shorter than product claims; but this gap has narrowed since the 1970s. These patterns suggest that the patent breadth and …

invention (through patents) and the clinical trials data submitted for market approval (through data exclusivity). Patent … market exclusivity on the likelihood of drug commercialization. The effect is largely driven by patent invalidations early in …

We study the causal impact of invalidating marginally valid patents during post-grant opposition at the European Patent … participation of a patent's original examiner in the opposition division as an instrument. We find a disciplinary effect of … invalidation: Affected inventors file 20% fewer patent applications in the decade after the decision. This effect is entirely …

We investigate the causal effect of patent rights on cumulative innovation, using large-scale data that approximate the … patent universe in its technological and economic variety. We introduce a novel instrumental variable for patent invalidation … that exploits personnel scarcity in post-grant opposition at the European Patent Office. We find that patent invalidation …

quality) than their European counterparts after patent rights for software inventions were introduced. We then introduce a …

. Where licensing fails, follow-on innovation is blocked unless firms gain FTO through patent invalidation. Using large …-scale data from post-grant oppositions at the European Patent Office, we find that patent invalidation increases follow …

's usefulness in estimating the share of true SEPs in firm patent portfolios for several mobile telecommunication standards. We find …

We analyze the extent to which private defensive litigation insurance deters patent assertion by non …-practicing entities (NPEs). We study the effect that a patent-specific defensive insurance product, offered by a leading litigation … defensive litigation insurance on the behavior of patent enforcers and accused infringers. We show that the availability of …

PCT patent applications reach only a third of the non-Chinese quality benchmark, the extension towards domestic and self … are to be interpreted as a measure of patent quality. …