exclusion as well as recurrent spells of in-work poverty. Gender and race differences persist even after controlling for la bor … escape poverty. Research has focused on the risk factors associated with in-work poverty, but scholars know little about … longitudinal data sources (NLSY79, NLSY97, and PSID) to establish a typo logy of employment pathways out of in-work poverty and …

We present evidence on the role of the social environment for the development of gender differences in competitiveness … and earnings expectations. First, we document that the gender gap in competitiveness and earnings expectations is more … causally affects girls' willingness to compete and narrows both the gender gap in competitiveness as well as the gender gap in …

also face more discrimination in the labour market, the consequences of overeducation are likely to differ by gender. Using …

according to income levels and gender. This paper is based on the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) carried out by the …, the gender gap in average commutingtimes has been reduced considerably over the period considered with only small gaps …

This article considers the complexity of ea rly employment life-courses focusing on the heterogeneity by gender and …

strong evidence for gender-specific norms in risk taking. While these explain part of the existing gender gap in risk taking …