those of bailouts. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the Euro depreciates significantly against the Yen and US Dollar … following general risk shocks in the euro area and only to a small extent following bailout shocks. The Pound Sterling is not … affected by any of these shocks. The Euro variability is, from the EMU perspective, mainly driven by shocks stemming from large …

Euro coins have a common European side and an individual national side. Thanks to coin migration, coins bearing a … panoply of national sides are in circulation throughout the euro area. In this paper, we model the mixing of coins circulating … in the euro area countries and in particular the extent of coin migration in the euro area. A model calibration suggests …