Study (PIRLS) for fourth graders. Our analysis covers six European countries, Germany, France, Iceland, the Netherlands … analysis covers six European countries, Germany, France, Iceland, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. Peer effects are of … school. Although some countries, like Germany, track students into a rigid system of separate schools at the secondary …

This paper uses micro data to analyze the wage structures in East Germany and West Germany before and after unification …. In 1988, the wage distribution in East Germany was much more compressed than in West Germany or in the U.S. Since the … collapse of Communism and unification with West Germany, however, the wage structure in eastern Germany has changed …

Unlike prototype immigration countries, Germany has attracted a large number of southern Europeans as temporary … guestworkers in the 60s and 70s. Nevertheless, many of them have stayed on and intend to remain in Germany. I investigate whether …