outsourcing and the lowest in foreign vertical integration. We find that robot adopters fragment their production further by … probability of adoption intensifies the effects on outsourcing and weakens the effects on vertical integration. In contrast to …

partly imported intermediates (= outsourcing or fragmentation) (ii) increased employment due to higher demand caused by an …

multinationals, are less likely to rely on imported or internally provided services. -- International trade ; services ; off-shoring …