We examine effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on employment losses across metropolitan area status and population size …. Non-metropolitan and metropolitan areas of all sizes experienced significant employment losses, but the impacts are much … larger in large metropolitan areas. Employment losses manifest as increased unemployment, labor force withdrawal, and …

difficulties maintaining worker health and productivity during the COVID-19 pandemic. We examine employment status changes of … pandemic significantly reduced the probability of continued active employment for previous workers in both food manufacturing … market is a strong and significant factor. The employment changes are not just due to unemployment during facility closures …

and find that worse employment conditions were the driving force. The lower opportunity costs of schooling because of the …