We explore the relationship between proximity of buyers and sellers and the organizational form of outsourcing …. Outsourcing can be "contractual" in which suppliers undertake specific investments or involve "generic" market transactions …

it explains a substantial part of the increase in offshoring tasks abroad. …

This paper studies the impact of outsourcing on individual wages in three European countries with markedly different … labour market institutions: Germany, the UK and Denmark. To do so we use individual level data sets for the three countries … and construct comparable measures of outsourcing at the industry level, distinguishing outsourcing by broad region …

First moves towards a real understanding of offshoring date back to very recent times. In particular for Japan, the … studies conducted so far focus alone on the productivity effects of offshoring at the firm level. Here I carry out the …-2005. Moreover, I consider all industries within the economy and take account of both services and materials offshoring. My results …