low first birth fertility rates experienced in the 1970's were due to both delayed childbearing and to increasing levels …

We analyze the effect of fertility on income per capita with a particular focus on the experience of Europe. For … European countries with below-replacement fertility, the cost of continued low fertility will only be observed in the long run …. We show that in the short run, a fall in the fertility rate will lower the youth dependency ratio and increase the …

We estimate the effect of fertility on female labor force participation in a cross-country panel data set using … abortion legislation as an instrument for fertility. We find a large negative effect of the fertility rate on female labor … persistent over time giving an effect among older women. We present a simulation model of the effect of fertility reduction on …

, combined with reduced fertility and increases in the working-age population, have contributed to economic growth in some areas …

subsequent fertility …