wages reflect this, with lower pay for greater uncertainty. We use the dispersion of exam grades within a field of education … as an indicator of the unobserved heterogeneity that employers face. We find solid evidence that starting wages are lower …

's equilibrium implies that positive attributes in one location, like access to downtown or high wages, are offset by negative … attributes, like high housing prices. The employer's equilibrium requires that high wages be offset by a high level of … justify high wages is the basis for the study of agglomeration economies which has been a significant branch of urban …