This survey reviews the literature on the political economy of financial structure, broadly defined to include the size of capital markets and banking systems as well as the distribution of access to external finance across firms.The theoretical literature on the institutional basis for...

In equipment-intensive industries such as truck manufacturing, electronics manufacturing, photo copiers,and airliners, service parts are often slow moving items for which, in some cases, the transshipment timeis not negligible. However, this aspect is hardly considered in the existing spare...

Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is a tool that was introduced in the early 50's by Box and Wilson (1951). It is a collection of mathematical and statistical techniques useful for the approximation and optimization of stochastic models. Applications of RSM can be found in e.g. chemical,...

In a democracy, a political majority can influence both the corporategovernance structure and the return to human and financial capital.We argue that when financial wealth is sufficiently diffused, thereis political support for a strong governance role for dispersed equitymarket investors, and...

While financial liberalization has in general favorable effects, reforms in countries with poor regulation is often followed by financial crises. We explain this variation as the outcome of lobbying interests capturing the reform process. Even after liberalization, market investors must rely on...

This paper discusses several strategies for the maintenance of light standards, where each light standard consists of n independent and identical lamps screwed on a chandelier. The lamps are subject to stochastic failures, and must be correctively replaced if the number of failed lamps reaches a...