that relative grading, by creating a rank-order tournament in the classroom, provides stronger incentives for male students … than absolute grading. In the full sample, we find weak support for our hypothesis. Among the more motivated students we … find evidence that men indeed score significantly higher on the test when graded on a curve. Female students, irrespective …

the status of the entrepreneur. For reasons outlined in the introduction, this study focuses on (800) students in the … Netherlands. We find that the status of occupations is mostly determined by the required level of education, the income level to …

measure ‘income’). This is the case even when estimating individual fixed effects of the differential returns to education for …/or whether we use instrumental variables to cope with the endogenous nature of education in income equations. Finally, we find …