, contracts, or licenses that involve ensuing payoff uncertainty for the winning bidder. The distribution of the random payoff is … common knowledge, except that bidders have private degrees of aversion to downside-risk. In this model, the optimal FPA … risk or risk aversion generally leads to lower equilibrium bids. …

paradigmassumes that any investment strategy has its own "inherent reward" and "inherent risk" that can be judged with common sense …. Ijustify axiomatically the existence and uniqueness (ratio scale)of inherent reward (U) and inherent risk (D) that could … beregarded as universal measures of reward and risk for any giveninvestment strategy. Incorporating the notion of …

be risk averse, (ii) the bidders can have heterogeneous risk preferences, and (iii) the auction can have a binding … reserve price. Our analysis reveals that the premium has an intricate joint effect on risk sharing and expected revenue, which … in general benefits risk averse bidders. When the seller is more risk averse than the pivotal bidder - a condition often …