all variables proposed by theory, despite a broad set of fixed effects (FE). We find that both REERs are important and … multilateral resistances. Untangling normalization helps to get a better view of what is still unexplained by theory. …

area sovereign debt crises. We find that macro and default-specific world factors are a primary source of default …

for the United States but also with reference to the wider world. We establish the outlines of international integration a … century ago and analyze the institutional and informational impediments that prevented the late nineteenth century world from … achieving the same degree of integration as today. We conclude that the world today is different: commercial and financial …