how the pecking order theory of trading actually functions. …

true for non-exporters. Models with firm heterogeneity in total factor productivity (TFP) predict the opposite. To solve … competition for the factor used intensively by exporters, eliminating some of them, while non-exportersbenefit. Interacting … heterogeneity in factor shares with heterogeneity in TFP we show that factor market competition reduces the growth in average TFP …

of winning and losing in a competition on the willingness to seek further challenges. Participants in a lab experiment … compete in two-person tournaments and are then informed of their score and the outcome of the competition. Conditional on the …

allocate his resources so as to direct his competition towards particular rivals -- we call such competition selective. The … setting can be applied to a wide variety of cases: competition between firms, competition between political parties, warfare …

The literature suggests that competition among schools might increase quality. However, not much empirical evidence is … present as only a few countries allow competition at a large scale. One exception is the Netherlands. Free parental choice is … Netherlands we show that there is a relation between competition and student achievement in upper secondary education, but that it …