This paper positions time in the centre of spatial economic analysis, with a particular view on transport behaviour …. The conventional assumption is that there is for most people in our society a constant travel time budget, so that higher … would require lower levels of mobility. Recently, the scientific construct of a so-called "time pioneer" has been introduced …

passengers exhibit a higher time valuation, and a less price-elastic demand, than leisure passengers. Our main result is the … identification of the time-valuation effect of price discrimination, which can work in the opposite direction as the well …-known output effect on welfare. This time-valuation effect clearly explains why discriminating prices can improve welfare even when …