commodities and biofuel helps commodity suppliers hedge their portfolios, and manage the risk and co-risk of their biofuel and … should be considered as viable futures products in financial portfolios for risk management. …

CO2 prices must rise at a rate equal to the risk-adjusted interest rate, typically higher than the economic growth rate …. Summing up, CO2 prices must rise at a rate at least equal to the economic growth rate and at most to the risk …

Most sub-Sahara African agriculture is rainfed and the key production risk is crop failure due to drought or … insufficient rains. Major strategies for households to protect against the risk of crop failure are livestock rearing and storage …