them concerns the question of “who punishes”. In the first approach, punishment is executed by the group members themselves … individually, i.e., punishment is decentral in nature. The second approach is based on the idea that individuals may be willing to … delegate the punishment to a central, external authority. The key questions to answered are, whether individuals are willing …

punishment behavior. (3) Thereare discontinuous "jumps" in the behavior of responders. They either chooseno punishment (destroy … nothing) or the highest level of punishment (destroyeverything). (4) Expectations have a significant effect on the … probabilityof punishment but not on the intensity of experienced emotion. We explainthis last result in terms of norm …

This experimental study investigates how behavior changes after punishment for an unkind action. It also studies how … fairness perceptions affect the reaction to punishment and whether this effect is consistent across repeated play and role …

anger, ‘social’ emotions like shame and guilt need to be present for punishment to be an effective deterrent of …

This paper studies how a three-layer hierarchical firm (principal-supervisor-agent) optimally creates effort norms for … its employees. The key assumption is that effort norms are affected by the example of superiors. In equilibrium, norms are … norms, and distort man agerial spans of control. …