transport and biking. Special attention is paid to parking problems, and possibilities to cope with these by pricing measures …. It is demonstrated that in some cases parking externalities lead to non-convexities that make pricing policies less … attractive. In that case parking restrictions are called for. A general shift is observed from national to municipality policy …

Paid parking is the recommended policy tool by economists to deal with excess demand for street parking. However, we … residents have political power and usually vote against paid parking when it is detrimental to residents. Hence, in our analysis …, we take into account that residents receive residential parking permits which provides political support for paid parking …

We examine the effect of citywide parking policy on parking and traffic demand. Using a large increase in on …-street parking prices for the city of Amsterdam, we show that the policy caused a substantial drop in on-street parking demand, which … is not offset by an increase in off-street demand. The overall reduction in parking demand implies a 2% - 3% reduction in …

This paper is the first to empirically examine the residents' willingness to pay for on-street parking permits as well … cruising is €1.30 per day. The average residents' willingness to pay for a parking permit is €8 per day. Further, we show that … the introduction of paid parking in a neighborhood decreases house prices in this neighbourhood. …

It has been argued that urban planning policies, through minimum parking requirements, and income tax policies induce … free employer parking. We show that tax policies induce welfare losses in the order of 12% of parking resource costs …, implying an annual deadweight loss in the order of € 5 billion for Europe. In the US, due to the presence of minimum parking …