that relative grading, by creating a rank-order tournament in the classroom, provides stronger incentives for male students … than absolute grading. In the full sample, we find weak support for our hypothesis. Among the more motivated students we … find evidence that men indeed score significantly higher on the test when graded on a curve. Female students, irrespective …

conduct an experiment in which the shares of girls in workgroups for first year students in economics and business are … manipulated and students are randomly assigned to these groups. Boys tend to postpone their dropout decision when surrounded by … effects on achievement. This in spite of the fact that students' perceptions of the behavior of themselves and their peers are …

2013. Costly mistakes have externalities: they transfer tuition waivers from high- to low-socioeconomic status students …, and increase the number of students attending college. To shed light on the mechanisms underlying mistakes, we exploit a …