competition between private firms for the best motivated workers leads to higher wage cost than under the public monopsony …

competition in the product market may drive skilled and unskilled workers together, even though unskilled workers use their …

than in the stable environment. This finding is in line with standard agency theory and contrasts a distinct element of … expectancy theory; noisier performance measures do not lower work motivation. …

noise in the performance measure. In contrast, expectancy theory as developed by psychologists predicts lower effort levels …

The literature suggests that competition among schools might increase quality. However, not much empirical evidence is … present as only a few countries allow competition at a large scale. One exception is the Netherlands. Free parental choice is … Netherlands we show that there is a relation between competition and student achievement in upper secondary education, but that it …

One of the reasons why regulators are hesitant about permitting price competition in healthcare markets is that it may … admissions to Dutch hospitals, we find no evidence that increased exposure to price competition reduces quality measured by …