in China. Exploiting province and time variation, we find a strong positive impact on cognition for girls and no effects … for boys. For non-cognitive skills, we find the opposite. We show in a simple model of parental investment that gender … preferences can explain our findings. Analyses exploiting within the province, village-level variation in gender attitudes confirm …

This paper explores the contribution of biological factors in explaining gender differences in educational performance … testosterone in twins. By using Dutch administrative data and controlling for potential socialization effects, we find that girls … with a twin brother score 7% of a standard deviation lower on math compared to girls with a twin sister. Adherence to …

We conduct a field and an online classroom experiment to study gender differences in self-set performance goals and … the absence of goal setting, consistent with the identifiability of performance causing gender differences, as found in …

experiments. Here we analyse gender differences in preferences for giving and notions of justice in experiments using the same …

explain the gender gap in competitiveness. Experiment 1 studies whether stress responses (measured with salivary cortisol and …Women are often less willing than men to compete, even in tasks where there is no gender gap in performance. Also, many … voluntary competition. We find that while the mandatory competition does increase stress levels, there is no gender difference …

experiment, we show that the gender difference in the reaction to losing is not present when winning and losing are random rather …We conduct three lab experiments and use field data from the Dutch Math Olympiad to study how the gender gap in … if they lose. In the Dutch Math Olympiad, this means that girls who do not make the top 1000, and therefore do not …

consuming less reveals that gender differences in infection risk aversion and precautionary saving motives are small. I find … considerable gender differences in the reporting of affordability constraints and consumer preference shifts. Women report …

-referenced) and the relative (i.e., norm-referenced) grading schemes in a large-scale field experiment at a university. We hypothesize … absolute grading, grading on a curve actually narrows the gender gap in performance. …