that relative grading, by creating a rank-order tournament in the classroom, provides stronger incentives for male students … than absolute grading. In the full sample, we find weak support for our hypothesis. Among the more motivated students we … find evidence that men indeed score significantly higher on the test when graded on a curve. Female students, irrespective …

Previous research shows that ethnic minority students perform poorer in school when they are taught by ethnic majority … majority teachers grade minority and majority students differently for the same work. Using an experiment, I rule out the … expectations and unfavorable attitudes that both likely affect their behavior towards minority students, potentially inducing them …

grades of local students enrolled at Maastricht University before and during the partial cannabis prohibition. We find that … the academic performance of students who are no longer legally permitted to buy cannabis substantially increases. Grade … improvements are driven by younger students and the effects are stronger for women and low performers. In line with how cannabis …