reduces both moderate and extreme violence. The reason is that a high penalty keeps relatively 'gutless' individuals from … relatively 'tough' individuals to commit moderately violent acts and so makes moderate violence more attractive for otherwise …

A significant number of women experience physical or sexual violence throughout their lives, with a considerable … against women during Holi. We analyze how perpetrators' and victims' gender norms drive violence against women. First, we find … that Holi exacerbates existing attitudes towards violence against women, where there is higher violence in districts where …