We provide a new definition of breakdown in finite samples with an extension to asymptotic breakdown. Previous definitions center around defining a critical region for either the parameter or the objective function. If for a particular outlier constellation the critical region is entered,...

An explanation of the Dunning-Kruger effect is provided which does not require any psychological explanation, because it is derived as a statistical artefact. This is achieved by specifying a simple statistical model which explicitly takes the (random) boundary constraints into account. This...

Mundlak (1978) proposed the addition of time averages to the usual panel equation in order to remove the fixed effects bias. We extend this Mundlak equation further by replacing the time-varying explanatory variables by the corresponding deviations from the averages over time, while keeping the...

In binary discrete regression models like logit or probit the omis-sion of a relevant regressor (even if it is orthogonal) depresses the re-maining b coefficients towards zero. For the probit model, Wooldridge(2002) has shown that this bias does not carry over to the effect ofthe regressor on...