under demand uncertainty: we solve for equilibrium and optimum as benchmarks, and evaluate the efficiency of possible … first-best case, even though the capacity is higher than the capacity for the deterministic demand equal to the expected …

We study the efficiency of private supply of roads under demand uncertainty and evaluate various regulatory policies …. Due to demand uncertainty, capacity is decided before demand is known but tolls can be adjusted after demand is known …. Policy implications can differ considerably from those under deterministic demand. For instance, for serial links, the toll …

The demand for air transport is largely determined by the spending capacity of customers. Thispaper aims to offer more …