from employment into unemployment in April 2020 were due to the containment measures. In a second approach, we make use of … the unemployment effect coming from the separations margin. In sum, the lockdown measures increased unemployment in the …

this episode assume that a worker leaving unemployment moves into full employment. We ask where the unemployed actually … went. Using and merging two large micro data sets, we account for the decrease of unemployment by computing inflows and … outflows between unemployment and 16 other labour market states. Direct flows between unemployment and full employment …

institutions (short-time work, government spending rules) and shocks (aggregate, labor market, and policy shocks) and to perform …

considerably increased inflows from employment into unemployment, and 33 percent of the reduced outflows from unemployment to … unemployment in the short run by 80,000 persons. …

reduced the generosity of long-term unemployment benefits. We use a model with different unemployment durations, where the … the existing disagreement in the macroeconomic literature on the unemployment effects of Hartz IV. We find that Hartz IV … was a major driver for the decline of Germany's unemployment and that partial and equilibrium effect where of equal …