Public employment grew surprisingly fast in Russia during the 1990s, at a time when total employment was falling. Most … public employment in total employment has been greatest where unemployment was highest and growing the fastest, in ethnically … public employment for several purposes: as a kind of economic insurance to cushion the population against unemployment; as a …

women has a positive effect on the employment probability. For men public works and intervention works have negative … treatment effects, while participation in intervention works does not affect women's employment probabilities. We attribute the …

employment probabilities. Using data from the 18th wave of the Polish Labor Force Survey we discuss three stages of an …-treatment labor market status. Our findings suggest that Training raises employment probability, while Intervention Works seems to …